来源:Python数据科学
作者:东哥起飞
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本篇是pandas100个骚操作系列的第 11 篇:再见 for 循环!速度提升315倍!
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for
是所有编程语言的基础语法,初学者为了快速实现功能,依懒性较强。但如果从运算时间性能上考虑可能不是特别好的选择。pandas
本质,才能知道如何提速。<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">import</span> pandas <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">as</span> pd<br /><span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 导入数据集</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>df = pd.read_csv(<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'demand_profile.csv'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>df.head()<br /> date_time energy_kwh<br /><span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">13</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0</span>:<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">00</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.586</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">13</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>:<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">00</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.580</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">2</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">13</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">2</span>:<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">00</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.572</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">13</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span>:<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">00</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.596</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">4</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>/<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">13</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">4</span>:<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">00</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.592</span><br /></section>
因此,如果你不知道如何提速,那正常第一想法可能就是用apply
方法写一个函数,函数里面写好时间条件的逻辑代码。
<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(kwh, hour)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">"""计算每个小时的电费"""</span> <br /> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">if</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0</span> <= hour < <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">7</span>:<br /> rate = <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">12</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">elif</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">7</span> <= hour < <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">17</span>:<br /> rate = <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">20</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">elif</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">17</span> <= hour < <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">24</span>:<br /> rate = <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">28</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">else</span>:<br /> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">raise</span> ValueError(<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">f'Invalid hour: <span style="color: rgb(224, 108, 117);line-height: 26px;">{hour}</span>'</span>)<br /> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">return</span> rate * kwh<br /></section>
for
循环来遍历df
,根据apply
函数逻辑添加新的特征,如下:<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span><span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 不赞同这种操作</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>@timeit(repeat=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span>, number=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff_loop</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(df)</span>:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">"""用for循环计算enery cost,并添加到列表"""</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_cost_list = []<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">for</span> i <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(len(df)):<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 获取用电量和时间(小时)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_used = df.iloc[i][<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>]<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> hour = df.iloc[i][<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'date_time'</span>].hour<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_cost = apply_tariff(energy_used, hour)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_cost_list.append(energy_cost)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = energy_cost_list<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>apply_tariff_loop(df)<br />Best of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> trials <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">with</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span> function calls per trial:<br />Function `apply_tariff_loop` ran <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> average of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3.152</span> seconds.<br /></section>
Pythonic
风格的人来说,这个设计看起来很自然。然而,这个循环将会严重影响效率。原因有几个:(0,len(df))
循环,然后再应用apply_tariff()
之后,它必须将结果附加到用于创建新DataFrame
列的列表中。另外,还使用df.iloc [i]['date_time']
执行所谓的链式索引,这通常会导致意外的结果。一、使用 iterrows循环
pandas
引入iterrows
方法让效率更高。这些都是一次产生一行的生成器
方法,类似scrapy
中使用的yield
用法。.itertuples
为每一行产生一个namedtuple
,并且行的索引值作为元组的第一个元素。nametuple
是Python
的collections
模块中的一种数据结构,其行为类似于Python
元组,但具有可通过属性查找访问的字段。.iterrows
为DataFrame
中的每一行产生(index,series)
这样的元组。.iterrows
,我们看看这使用iterrows
后效果如何。<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>@timeit(repeat=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span>, number=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff_iterrows</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(df)</span>:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_cost_list = []<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">for</span> index, row <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> df.iterrows():<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 获取用电量和时间(小时)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_used = row[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>]<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> hour = row[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'date_time'</span>].hour<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 添加cost列表</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_cost = apply_tariff(energy_used, hour)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> energy_cost_list.append(energy_cost)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = energy_cost_list<br />...<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>apply_tariff_iterrows(df)<br />Best of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> trials <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">with</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span> function calls per trial:<br />Function `apply_tariff_iterrows` ran <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> average of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.713</span> seconds.<br /></section>
pandas
内置更快的方法完成。二、pandas的apply方法
.apply
方法而不是.iterrows
进一步改进此操作。pandas
的.apply
方法接受函数callables
并沿DataFrame
的轴(所有行或所有列)应用。下面代码中,lambda
函数将两列数据传递给apply_tariff()
:<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>@timeit(repeat=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span>, number=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff_withapply</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(df)</span>:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = df.apply(<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">lambda</span> row: apply_tariff(<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> kwh=row[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>],<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> hour=row[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'date_time'</span>].hour),<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">... </span> axis=<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">1</span>)<br />...<br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>apply_tariff_withapply(df)<br />Best of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> trials <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">with</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span> function calls per trial:<br />Function `apply_tariff_withapply` ran <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> average of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.272</span> seconds.<br /></section>
apply
的语法优点很明显,行数少,代码可读性高。在这种情况下,所花费的时间大约是iterrows
方法的一半。apply()
将在内部尝试循环遍历Cython
迭代器。但是在这种情况下,传递的lambda
不是可以在Cython
中处理的东西,因此它在Python中调用并不是那么快。apply()
方法获取10年的小时数据,那么将需要大约15分钟的处理时间。如果这个计算只是大规模计算的一小部分,那么真的应该提速了。这也就是矢量化操作派上用场的地方。三、矢量化操作:使用.isin选择数据
df ['energy_kwh'] * 28
,类似这种。那么这个特定的操作就是矢量化操作的一个例子,它是在pandas
中执行的最快方法。pandas
中的矢量化运算?DataFrame
,然后对每个选定的组应用矢量化操作。pandas
的.isin()
方法选择行,然后在矢量化操作中实现新特征的添加。在执行此操作之前,如果将date_time
列设置为DataFrame
的索引,会更方便:<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 将date_time列设置为DataFrame的索引</span><br />df.set_index(<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'date_time'</span>, inplace=<span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">True</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">@timeit(repeat=3, number=100)</span><br /><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff_isin</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(df)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 定义小时范围Boolean数组</span><br /> peak_hours = df.index.hour.isin(range(<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">17</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">24</span>))<br /> shoulder_hours = df.index.hour.isin(range(<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">7</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">17</span>))<br /> off_peak_hours = df.index.hour.isin(range(<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">7</span>))<br /><br /> <span style="color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;line-height: 26px;"># 使用上面apply_traffic函数中的定义</span><br /> df.loc[peak_hours, <span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = df.loc[peak_hours, <span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>] * <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">28</span><br /> df.loc[shoulder_hours,<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = df.loc[shoulder_hours, <span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>] * <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">20</span><br /> df.loc[off_peak_hours,<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = df.loc[off_peak_hours, <span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>] * <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">12</span><br /></section>
<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>apply_tariff_isin(df)<br />Best of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> trials <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">with</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span> function calls per trial:<br />Function `apply_tariff_isin` ran <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> average of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.010</span> seconds.<br /></section>
.isin()
方法返回的是一个布尔值数组,如下:<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;">[<span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">False</span>, <span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">False</span>, <span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">False</span>, ..., <span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">True</span>, <span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">True</span>, <span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">True</span>]<br /></section>
DataFrame
索引datetimes
是否落在了指定的小时范围内。然后把这些布尔数组传递给DataFrame
的.loc
,将获得一个与这些小时匹配的DataFrame
切片。然后再将切片乘以适当的费率,这就是一种快速的矢量化操作了。apply_tariff()
,代码大大减少,同时速度起飞。四、还能更快?
apply_tariff_isin
中,我们通过调用df.loc
和df.index.hour.isin
三次来进行一些手动调整。如果我们有更精细的时间范围,你可能会说这个解决方案是不可扩展的。但在这种情况下,我们可以使用pandas
的pd.cut()
函数来自动完成切割:<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">@timeit(repeat=3, number=100)</span><br /><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff_cut</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(df)</span>:</span><br /> cents_per_kwh = pd.cut(x=df.index.hour,<br /> bins=[<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">7</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">17</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">24</span>],<br /> include_lowest=<span style="color: rgb(86, 182, 194);line-height: 26px;">True</span>,<br /> labels=[<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">12</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">20</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">28</span>]).astype(int)<br /> df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = cents_per_kwh * df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>]<br /></section>
pd.cut()
会根据bin
列表应用分组。include_lowest
参数表示第一个间隔是否应该是包含左边的。<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>apply_tariff_cut(df)<br />Best of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> trials <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">with</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span> function calls per trial:<br />Function `apply_tariff_cut` ran <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> average of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.003</span> seconds.<br /></section>
NumPy
,还可以更快!五、使用Numpy继续加速
pandas
时不应忘记的一点是Pandas
的Series
和DataFrames
是在NumPy
库之上设计的。并且,pandas
可以与NumPy
阵列和操作无缝衔接。NumPy
的 digitize()
函数更进一步。它类似于上面pandas
的cut()
,因为数据将被分箱,但这次它将由一个索引数组表示,这些索引表示每小时所属的bin
。然后将这些索引应用于价格数组:<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">@timeit(repeat=3, number=100)</span><br /><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">apply_tariff_digitize</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(df)</span>:</span><br /> prices = np.array([<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">12</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">20</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">28</span>])<br /> bins = np.digitize(df.index.hour.values, bins=[<span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">7</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">17</span>, <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">24</span>])<br /> df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'cost_cents'</span>] = prices[bins] * df[<span style="color: rgb(152, 195, 121);line-height: 26px;">'energy_kwh'</span>].values<br /></section>
cut
函数一样,这种语法非常简洁易读。<section style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;padding: 16px;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);border-radius: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 174, 238);line-height: 26px;">>>> </span>apply_tariff_digitize(df)<br />Best of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">3</span> trials <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">with</span> <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">100</span> function calls per trial:<br />Function `apply_tariff_digitize` ran <span style="color: rgb(198, 120, 221);line-height: 26px;">in</span> average of <span style="color: rgb(209, 154, 102);line-height: 26px;">0.002</span> seconds.<br /></section>
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data-darkmode-bgcolor-15869584691402="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15869584691402="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15869584691402="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-15869584691402="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15869584691739="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15869584691739="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15869584691739="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-15869584691739="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15873005456075="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15873005456075="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15873005456075="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-15873005456075="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15873005456615="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15873005456615="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15873005456615="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-15873005456615="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15886839320558="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15886839320558="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15886839320558="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-15886839320558="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-color-159923607914210="rgba(163, 163, 163, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-159923607914210="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-159923607914210="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-159923607914210="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-160008070860010="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-160008070860010="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-160008070860010="rgba(163, 163, 163, 0.9)" data-darkmode-original-color-160008070860010="rgba(230, 230, 230, 0.9)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-16072664870629="rgb(25, 25, 25)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-16072664870629="rgb(255, 255, 255)" 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