一、Django简介
二、Django项目实例
1. 程序安装
python3.5、pip3及pycharm专业版自行安装。pycharm不要使用免费版,它不支持Django。
(1)安装Django:
http://www.cnblogs.com/qianyuliang/p/6729298.html
2. 创建django项目
在linux等命令行界面下,使用django提供的命令和vim也能进行项目开发。但是,这里使用eclipse
点击:file-->project,出现下面的对话框。
选择PyDev/Django栏目,输入项目名称,这里采用国际惯例的mysite。
然后一直next就可以了
Django将自动生成下面的目录结构:
与项目同名的目录中是配置文件,templates目录是html文件存放也就是MTV中的T(手动新建)。manage.py是django项目管理文件。
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创建APP
在每个django项目中可以包含多个APP,相当于一个大型项目中的分系统、子模块、功能部件等等,相互之间比较独立,但也有联系。
所有的APP共享项目资源。
右键点击mysite--->Django--->Create application
这样就创建了一个叫做app01的APP,django自动生成“app01”文件夹。
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编写路由
路由都在urls文件里,它将浏览器输入的url映射到相应的业务处理逻辑。
简单的urls编写方法如下图:
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编写业务处理逻辑
业务处理逻辑都在views.py文件里。
通过上面两个步骤,我们将index这个url指向了views里的index()函数,它接收用户请求,并返回一个“hello world”字符串。
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运行web服务
现在我们已经可以将web服务运行起来了。
记得将app01写入到settings.py中
命令行的方式是:python manage.py runserver 127.0.0.1:8000
在eclipse中--->run configurations
有这个提示,则表示启动成功,然后打开浏览器,输入127.0.0.1:8000
修改一下url,添加“/index”,就一切ok了!
至此,一个最简单的django编写的web服务就启动成功了。
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返回HTML文件
上面我们返回给用户浏览器的是什么?一个字符串!实际上这肯定不行,通常我们都是将html文件返回给用户。
下面,我们写这么一个index.html文件:
再修改一下views文件:
为了让django知道我们的html文件在哪里,需要修改settings文件的相应内容。但默认情况下,它正好适用,你无需修改。
接下来,我们可以重新启动web服务。在浏览器刷新一下,你会看到带有样式的“hello world”。
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使用静态文件
我们已经可以将html文件返还给用户了,但是还不够,前端三大块,html、css、js还有各种插件,它们齐全才是一个完整
的页面。在django中,一般将静态文件放在static目录中。接下来,在mysite中新建个static目录。
你的CSS,JS和各种插件都可以放置在这个目录里。
为了让django找到这个目录,依然需要对settings进行配置:
同样,在index.html文件中,可以引入js文件了:
重新启动web服务,刷新浏览器,查看结果。
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接收用户发送的数据
上面,我们将一个要素齐全的html文件返还给了用户浏览器。但这还不够,因为web服务器和用户之间没有动态交互。
下面我们设计一个表单,让用户输入用户名和密码,提交给index这个url,服务器将接收到这些数据。
先修改index.html文件
然后修改views.py文件
此时 ,重启web服务时,会出错,因为django有一个跨站请求保护机制,我们在settings文件中将它关闭。
再次进入浏览器,刷新页面:
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返回动态页面
我们收到了用户的数据,但返回给用户的依然是个静态页面,通常我们会根据用户的数据,进行处理后在返回给用户。
这时候,django采用jinja2语言编写动态模板,jinja2会根据提供的数据,替换掉html中的相应部分,详细语法入门后再深入学习。
先改造views.py文件:
再改造index.html文件:
重启服务,刷新浏览器:
可以看到,我们获得了用户实时输入的数据,并将它实时展示在了用户页面上,这是个不错的交互过程。
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使用数据库
流程走到这里,django的MTV框架基本已经浮出水面了,只剩下最后的数据库部分了。
上面我们虽然和用户交互得很好,但并没有保存任何数据,页面一旦关闭,或服务器重启,一切都将回到原始状态。
使用数据库是毫无疑问的,下面使用mysql数据
在settings中,配置数据库相关的参数,如果使用自带的sqlite,不需要修改。然后在mysql数据库创建mysite库
再编辑models.py文件,也就是MTV中的M。
这里我们创建了2个字段,分别保存用户的名字和密码。
接下来要在后台中通过命令创建数据库的表了。有2条命令,分别是:
python manage.py makemigrations
再输入命令:python manage.py migrate
或者在eclipse中,右键点击mysite--->django--->makemigrations
然后右键点击mysite--->django--->migrate
修改views.py中的业务逻辑
重启web服务后,刷新浏览器页面,之后和用户交互的数据都能保存到数据库中。任何时候都可以从数据库中读取数据,展示到页面上。
至此,一个要素齐全,主体框架展示清晰的django项目完成了,其实很简单是不是?
三、 Django总结
作为python必须web框架的Django,它的功能强大,内容全面,但同时也意味着限制颇多,灵活性低,可修改性差,这就是鱼和熊掌不可兼得了。
我们学习Django,其实就是学习一个软件,要理解它的基本原理,把握它整体框架,牢记一些基本规则,剩下的就是不断深入细节,然后熟能生巧、经验多少的问题了,不存在多高深的不可掌握技术。
福利
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