作者丨数据派THU
来源丨DataScience
编辑丨极市平台
导读
导读
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numpy:1.18.5 -
pandas:1.0.5 -
matplotlib:3.2.1
1.简单的折线图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;font-size: 12px;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-whitegrid'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np</span></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;display: -webkit-box;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;font-size: 12px;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">fig = plt.figure()<br />ax = plt.axes()</span></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig = plt.figure()<br />ax = plt.axes()<br /><br />x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />ax.plot(x, np.sin(x));</section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x));<br /></section>
plot
函数即可:<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br />plt.plot(x, np.cos(x));<br /></section>
调整折线图:线条颜色和风格
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>), color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'blue'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 通过颜色名称指定</span><br />plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>), color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'g'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 通过颜色简写名称指定(rgbcmyk)</span><br />plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>), color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'0.75'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 介于0-1之间的灰阶值</span><br />plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>), color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'#FFDD44'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 16进制的RRGGBB值</span><br />plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>), color=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1.0</span>,<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>,<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.3</span>)) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># RGB元组的颜色值,每个值介于0-1</span><br />plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>), color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'chartreuse'</span>); <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 能支持所有HTML颜色名称值</span><br /></section>
如果没有指定颜色,Matplotlib 会在一组默认颜色值中循环使用来绘制每一条线条。
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'solid'</span>)<br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'dashed'</span>)<br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'dashdot'</span>)<br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'dotted'</span>);<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 还可以用形象的符号代表线条风格</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 实线</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'--'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 虚线</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-.'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 长短点虚线</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">7</span>, linestyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">':'</span>); <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 点线</span><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-g'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 绿色实线</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'--c'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 天青色虚线</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-.k'</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 黑色长短点虚线</span><br />plt.plot(x, x + <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">':r'</span>); <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 红色点线</span><br /></section>
调整折线图:坐标轴范围
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br /><br />plt.xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">11</span>)<br />plt.ylim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1.5</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br /><br />plt.xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>)<br />plt.ylim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1.2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-1.2</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br />plt.axis([<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">11</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-1.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1.5</span>]);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br />plt.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'tight'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br />plt.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'equal'</span>);<br /></section>
折线图标签
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br />plt.title(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"A Sine Curve"</span>)<br />plt.xlabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"x"</span>)<br />plt.ylabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"sin(x)"</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, np.sin(x), <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-g'</span>, label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'sin(x)'</span>)<br />plt.plot(x, np.cos(x), <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">':b'</span>, label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'cos(x)'</span>)<br />plt.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'equal'</span>)<br /><br />plt.legend();<br /></section>
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plt.xlabel() → ax.set_xlabel() -
plt.ylabel() → ax.set_ylabel() -
plt.xlim() → ax.set_xlim() -
plt.ylim() → ax.set_ylim() -
plt.title() → ax.set_title()
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes()<br />ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))<br />ax.set(xlim=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>), ylim=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>),<br /> xlabel=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'x'</span>, ylabel=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'sin(x)'</span>,<br /> title=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'A Simple Plot'</span>);<br /></section>
2.简单散点图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-whitegrid'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
使用 plt.plot 绘制散点图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>)<br />y = np.sin(x)<br /><br />plt.plot(x, y, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'o'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">rng = np.random.RandomState(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> marker <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> [<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'o'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'.'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">','</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'x'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'+'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'v'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'^'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'<'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'>'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'s'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'d'</span>]:<br /> plt.plot(rng.rand(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>), rng.rand(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>), marker,<br /> label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"marker='{0}'"</span>.format(marker))<br />plt.legend(numpoints=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>)<br />plt.xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1.8</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, y, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-ok'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, y, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-p'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>,<br /> markersize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">15</span>, linewidth=<span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>,<br /> markerfacecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'white'</span>,<br /> markeredgecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>,<br /> markeredgewidth=<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>)<br />plt.ylim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1.2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1.2</span>);<br /></section>
使用plt.scatter绘制散点图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.scatter(x, y, marker=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'o'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">rng = np.random.RandomState(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>)<br />x = rng.randn(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br />y = rng.randn(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br />colors = rng.rand(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br />sizes = <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span> * rng.rand(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br /><br />plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, s=sizes, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.3</span>,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>)<br />plt.colorbar(); <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 显示颜色对比条</span><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> sklearn.datasets <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> load_iris<br />iris = load_iris()<br />features = iris.data.T<br /><br />plt.scatter(features[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>], features[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>], alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>,<br /> s=<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>*features[<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>], c=iris.target, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>)<br />plt.xlabel(iris.feature_names[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>])<br />plt.ylabel(iris.feature_names[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>]);<br /></section>
plot 和 scatter 对比:性能提醒
3.误差可视化
基础误差条
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-whitegrid'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>)<br />dy = <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.8</span><br />y = np.sin(x) + dy * np.random.randn(<span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>)<br /><br />plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr=dy, fmt=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'.k'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr=dy, fmt=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'o'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>,<br /> ecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lightgray'</span>, elinewidth=<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, capsize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>);<br /></section>
连续误差
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> sklearn.gaussian_process <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> GaussianProcessRegressor<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 定义模型和一些符合模型的点</span><br />model = <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">lambda</span> x: x * np.sin(x)<br />xdata = np.array([<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">8</span>])<br />ydata = model(xdata)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 计算高斯过程回归,使其符合 fit 数据点</span><br />gp = GaussianProcessRegressor()<br />gp.fit(xdata[:, np.newaxis], ydata)<br /><br />xfit = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />yfit, std = gp.predict(xfit[:, np.newaxis], return_std=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>)<br />dyfit = <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span> * std <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 两倍sigma ~ 95% 确定区域</span></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 可视化结果</span><br />plt.plot(xdata, ydata, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'or'</span>)<br />plt.plot(xfit, yfit, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>)<br /><br />plt.fill_between(xfit, yfit - dyfit, yfit + dyfit,<br /> color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>)<br />plt.xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>);<br /></section>
4.密度和轮廓图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-white'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
三维可视化函数
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">f</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(x, y)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> np.sin(x) ** <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span> + np.cos(<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span> + y * x) * np.cos(x)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>)<br />y = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>)<br /><br />X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)<br />Z = f(X, Y)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.contour(X, Y, Z, colors=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.contour(X, Y, Z, <span style="line-height: 26px;">20</span>, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdGy'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.cm.<TAB><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.contourf(X, Y, Z, <span style="line-height: 26px;">20</span>, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdGy'</span>)<br />plt.colorbar();<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.imshow(Z, extent=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>], origin=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lower'</span>,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdGy'</span>)<br />plt.colorbar()<br />plt.axis(aspect=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'image'</span>);<br /></section>
-
plt.imshow()不接受 x 和 y 网格值作为参数,因此你需要手动指定extent参数[xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax]来设置图表的数据范围。 -
plt.imshow()使用的是默认的图像坐标,即左上角坐标点是原点,而不是通常图表的左下角坐标点。这可以通过设置origin参数来设置。 -
plt.imshow()会自动根据输入数据调整坐标轴的比例;这可以通过参数来设置,例如,plt.axis(aspect='image')能让 x 和 y 轴的单位一致。
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">contours = plt.contour(X, Y, Z, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, colors=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>)<br />plt.clabel(contours, inline=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>, fontsize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">8</span>)<br /><br />plt.imshow(Z, extent=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>], origin=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lower'</span>,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdGy'</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>)<br />plt.colorbar();<br /></section>
5.直方图,分桶和密度
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-white'</span>)<br /><br />data = np.random.randn(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.hist(data);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.hist(data, bins=<span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>, density=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>,<br /> histtype=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'stepfilled'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'steelblue'</span>,<br /> edgecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'none'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">x1 = np.random.normal(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.8</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />x2 = np.random.normal(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />x3 = np.random.normal(<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br /><br />kwargs = dict(histtype=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'stepfilled'</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.3</span>, density=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>, bins=<span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>)<br /><br />plt.hist(x1, **kwargs)<br />plt.hist(x2, **kwargs)<br />plt.hist(x3, **kwargs);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">counts, bin_edges = np.histogram(data, bins=<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>)<br />print(counts)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;border-radius: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;">[ 49 273 471 183 24]<br /></section>
二维直方图和分桶
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">mean = [<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>]<br />cov = [[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>], [<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>]]<br />x, y = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10000</span>).T<br /></section>
plt.hist2d:二维直方图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.hist2d(x, y, bins=<span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Blues'</span>)<br />cb = plt.colorbar()<br />cb.set_label(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'counts in bin'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">counts, xedges, yedges = np.histogram2d(x, y, bins=<span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>)<br /></section>
plt.hexbin:六角形分桶
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Blues'</span>)<br />cb = plt.colorbar(label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'count in bin'</span>)<br /></section>
核密度估计
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> scipy.stats <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> gaussian_kde<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 产生和处理数据,初始化KDE</span><br />data = np.vstack([x, y])<br />kde = gaussian_kde(data)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 在通用的网格中计算得到Z的值</span><br />xgrid = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-3.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>)<br />ygrid = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>)<br />Xgrid, Ygrid = np.meshgrid(xgrid, ygrid)<br />Z = kde.evaluate(np.vstack([Xgrid.ravel(), Ygrid.ravel()]))<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 将图表绘制成一张图像</span><br />plt.imshow(Z.reshape(Xgrid.shape),<br /> origin=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lower'</span>, aspect=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'auto'</span>,<br /> extent=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">-3.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>],<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Blues'</span>)<br />cb = plt.colorbar()<br />cb.set_label(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"density"</span>)<br /></section>
6.自定义图标图例
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'classic'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />fig, ax = plt.subplots()<br />ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-b'</span>, label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Sine'</span>)<br />ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'--r'</span>, label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Cosine'</span>)<br />ax.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'equal'</span>)<br />leg = ax.legend();<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax.legend(loc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'upper left'</span>, frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">False</span>)<br />fig<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax.legend(frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">False</span>, loc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lower center'</span>, ncol=<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>)<br />fig<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax.legend(fancybox=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>, framealpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, shadow=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>, borderpad=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>)<br />fig<br /></section>
选择设置图例的元素
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">y = np.sin(x[:, np.newaxis] + np.pi * np.arange(</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;line-height: 26px;">0</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">, </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;line-height: 26px;">2</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">, </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;line-height: 26px;">0.5</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">))</span><br style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;" /><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">lines = plt.plot(x, y)</span><br style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;" /><br style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;" /><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># lines是一个线条实例的列表</span><br style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;" /><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">plt.legend(lines[:</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;line-height: 26px;">2</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">], [</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'first'</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">, </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'second'</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">]);</span><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.plot(x, y[:, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>], label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'first'</span>)<br />plt.plot(x, y[:, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>], label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'second'</span>)<br />plt.plot(x, y[:, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>:])<br />plt.legend(framealpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>);<br /></section>
散点大小的图例
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> pandas <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> pd<br />cities = pd.read_csv(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">r'D:pythonGithub学习材料Python数据科学手册datacalifornia_cities.csv'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 提取我们感兴趣的数据</span><br />lat, lon = cities[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'latd'</span>], cities[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'longd'</span>]<br />population, area = cities[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'population_total'</span>], cities[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'area_total_km2'</span>]<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 绘制散点图,使用尺寸代表面积,颜色代表人口,不带标签</span><br />plt.scatter(lon, lat, label=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">None</span>,<br /> c=np.log10(population), cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>,<br /> s=area, linewidth=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>)<br />plt.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'scaled'</span>)<br />plt.xlabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'longitude'</span>)<br />plt.ylabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'latitude'</span>)<br />plt.colorbar(label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'log$_{10}$(population)'</span>)<br />plt.clim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">7</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 下面我们创建图例:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 使用空列表绘制图例中的散点,使用不同面积和标签,带透明度</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> area <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> [<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">300</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">500</span>]:<br /> plt.scatter([], [], c=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'k'</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.3</span>, s=area,<br /> label=str(area) + <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">' km$^2$'</span>)<br />plt.legend(scatterpoints=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">False</span>, labelspacing=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, title=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'City Area'</span>)<br /><br />plt.title(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'California Cities: Area and Population'</span>);<br /></section>
多重图例
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots()<br /><br />lines = []<br />styles = [<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'--'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'-.'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">':'</span>]<br />x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> i <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>):<br /> lines += ax.plot(x, np.sin(x - i * np.pi / <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>),<br /> styles[i], color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>)<br />ax.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'equal'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 指定第一个图例的线条和标签</span><br />ax.legend(lines[:<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>], [<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'line A'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'line B'</span>],<br /> loc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'upper right'</span>, frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">False</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 手动创建第二个图例,并将作者添加到图表中</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> matplotlib.legend <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> Legend<br />leg = Legend(ax, lines[<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>:], [<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'line C'</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'line D'</span>],<br /> loc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lower right'</span>, frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">False</span>)<br />ax.add_artist(leg);<br /></section>
7.个性化颜色条
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'classic'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />I = np.sin(x) * np.cos(x[:, np.newaxis])<br /><br />plt.imshow(I)<br />plt.colorbar();<br /></section>
自定义颜色条
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.imshow(I, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.cm.<TAB><br /></section>
选择色图
-
序列色图:这类型的色谱只包括一个连续序列的色系(例如binary或viridis)。 -
分化色图:这类型的色谱包括两种独立的色系,这两种颜色有着非常大的对比度(例如RdBu或PuOr)。 -
定性色图:这类型的色图混合了非特定连续序列的颜色(例如rainbow或jet)。
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> matplotlib.colors <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> LinearSegmentedColormap<br /><br /><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">grayscale_cmap</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(cmap)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"""返回给定色图的灰度版本"""</span><br /> cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(cmap) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 使用名称获取色图对象</span><br /> colors = cmap(np.arange(cmap.N)) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 将色图对象转为RGBA矩阵,形状为N×4</span><br /><br /> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 将RGBA颜色转换为灰度</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 参考 http://alienryderflex.com/hsp.html</span><br /> RGB_weight = [<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.299</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.587</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.114</span>] <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># RGB三色的权重值</span><br /> luminance = np.sqrt(np.dot(colors[:, :<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>] ** <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, RGB_weight)) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># RGB平方值和权重的点积开平方根</span><br /> colors[:, :<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>] = luminance[:, np.newaxis] <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 得到灰度值矩阵</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 返回相应的灰度值色图</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list(cmap.name + <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"_gray"</span>, colors, cmap.N)<br /><br /><br /><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">view_colormap</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(cmap)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"""将色图对应的灰度版本绘制出来"""</span><br /> cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(cmap)<br /> colors = cmap(np.arange(cmap.N))<br /><br /> cmap = grayscale_cmap(cmap)<br /> grayscale = cmap(np.arange(cmap.N))<br /><br /> fig, ax = plt.subplots(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>),<br /> subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[], yticks=[]))<br /> ax[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>].imshow([colors], extent=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>])<br /> ax[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>].imshow([grayscale], extent=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>])<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">view_colormap(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'jet'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">view_colormap(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">view_colormap(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'cubehelix'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">view_colormap(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdBu'</span>)<br /></section>
颜色限制和扩展
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 在I数组中人为生成不超过1%的噪声</span><br />speckles = (np.random.random(I.shape) < <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.01</span>)<br />I[speckles] = np.random.normal(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, np.count_nonzero(speckles))<br /><br />plt.figure(figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3.5</span>))<br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 不考虑去除噪声时的颜色分布</span><br />plt.subplot(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>)<br />plt.imshow(I, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdBu'</span>)<br />plt.colorbar()<br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 设置去除噪声时的颜色分布</span><br />plt.subplot(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>)<br />plt.imshow(I, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'RdBu'</span>)<br />plt.colorbar(extend=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'both'</span>)<br />plt.clim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>);<br /></section>
离散颜色条
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.imshow(I, cmap=plt.cm.get_cmap(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Blues'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>))<br />plt.colorbar()<br />plt.clim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>);<br /></section>
例子:手写数字
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 读取数字0-5的手写图像,然后使用Matplotlib展示头64张缩略图</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> sklearn.datasets <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> load_digits<br />digits = load_digits(n_class=<span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>)<br /><br />fig, ax = plt.subplots(<span style="line-height: 26px;">8</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">8</span>, figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>))<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> i, axi <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> enumerate(ax.flat):<br /> axi.imshow(digits.images[i], cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'binary'</span>)<br /> axi.set(xticks=[], yticks=[])<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 使用Isomap将手写数字图像映射到二维流形学习中</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> sklearn.manifold <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> Isomap<br />iso = Isomap(n_components=<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>)<br />projection = iso.fit_transform(digits.data)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 绘制图表结果</span><br />plt.scatter(projection[:, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>], projection[:, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>], lw=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>,<br /> c=digits.target, cmap=plt.cm.get_cmap(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'cubehelix'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>))<br />plt.colorbar(ticks=range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>), label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'digit value'</span>)<br />plt.clim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-0.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5.5</span>)<br /></section>
8.多个子图表
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-white'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
plt.axes:手动构建子图表
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax1 = plt.axes() <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 标准图表</span><br />ax2 = plt.axes([<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.65</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.65</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>]) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;">#子图表</span><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig = plt.figure() <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 获得figure对象</span><br />ax1 = fig.add_axes([<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.8</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.4</span>],<br /> xticklabels=[], ylim=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1.2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1.2</span>)) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 左边10% 底部50% 宽80% 高40%</span><br />ax2 = fig.add_axes([<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.8</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.4</span>],<br /> ylim=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1.2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1.2</span>)) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 左边10% 底部10% 宽80% 高40%</span><br /><br />x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>)<br />ax1.plot(np.sin(x))<br />ax2.plot(np.cos(x));<br /></section>
plt.subplot:简单网格的子图表
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> i <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">7</span>):<br /> plt.subplot(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, i)<br /> plt.text(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, str((<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, i)),<br /> fontsize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">18</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig = plt.figure()<br />fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.4</span>, wspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.4</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> i <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">7</span>):<br /> ax = fig.add_subplot(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, i)<br /> ax.text(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, str((<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, i)),<br /> fontsize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">18</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>)<br /></section>
plt.subplots:一句代码设置所有网格子图表
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, sharex=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'col'</span>, sharey=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'row'</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># axes是一个2×3的数组,可以通过[row, col]进行索引访问</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> i <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>):<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> j <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>):<br /> ax[i, j].text(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, str((i, j)),<br /> fontsize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">18</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>)<br />fig<br /></section>
plt.GridSpec:更复杂的排列
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">grid = plt.GridSpec(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, wspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.4</span>, hspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.3</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">plt.subplot(grid[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>])<br />plt.subplot(grid[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>:])<br />plt.subplot(grid[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, :<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>])<br />plt.subplot(grid[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>]);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 构建二维正态分布数据</span><br />mean = [<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>]<br />cov = [[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>], [<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>]]<br />x, y = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3000</span>).T<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 使用GridSpec创建网格并加入子图表</span><br />fig = plt.figure(figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>))<br />grid = plt.GridSpec(<span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>, hspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>, wspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>)<br />main_ax = fig.add_subplot(grid[:<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>:])<br />y_hist = fig.add_subplot(grid[:<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>], xticklabels=[], sharey=main_ax)<br />x_hist = fig.add_subplot(grid[<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>:], yticklabels=[], sharex=main_ax)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 在主图表中绘制散点图</span><br />main_ax.plot(x, y, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'ok'</span>, markersize=<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 分别在x轴和y轴方向绘制直方图</span><br />x_hist.hist(x, <span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>, histtype=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'stepfilled'</span>,<br /> orientation=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'vertical'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>)<br />x_hist.invert_yaxis() <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># x轴方向(右下)直方图倒转y轴方向</span><br /><br />y_hist.hist(y, <span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>, histtype=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'stepfilled'</span>,<br /> orientation=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'horizontal'</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>)<br />y_hist.invert_xaxis() <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># y轴方向(左上)直方图倒转x轴方向</span><br /></section>
9.文本和标注
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> mpl<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'seaborn-whitegrid'</span>)<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> pandas <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> pd<br /></section>
例子:节假日对美国出生率的影响
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">births = pd.read_csv(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">r'D:pythonGithub学习材料Python数据科学手册databirths.csv'</span>)<br /><br />quartiles = np.percentile(births[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'births'</span>], [<span style="line-height: 26px;">25</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">75</span>])<br />mu, sig = quartiles[<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>], <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.74</span> * (quartiles[<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>] - quartiles[<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>])<br />births = births.query(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'(births > @mu - 5 * @sig) & (births < @mu + 5 * @sig)'</span>)<br /><br />births[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'day'</span>] = births[<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'day'</span>].astype(int)<br /><br />births.index = pd.to_datetime(<span style="line-height: 26px;">10000</span> * births.year +<br /> <span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span> * births.month +<br /> births.day, format=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'%Y%m%d'</span>)<br />births_by_date = births.pivot_table(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'births'</span>,<br /> [births.index.month, births.index.day])<br />births_by_date.index = [pd.datetime(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2012</span>, month, day)<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> (month, day) <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> births_by_date.index]<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">12</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>))<br />births_by_date.plot(ax=ax);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">12</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>))<br />births_by_date.plot(ax=ax)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 在折线的特殊位置标注文字</span><br />style = dict(size=<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>)<br /><br />ax.text(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-1-1'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3950</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"New Year's Day"</span>, **style)<br />ax.text(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-7-4'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4250</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"Independence Day"</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>, **style)<br />ax.text(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-9-4'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4850</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"Labor Day"</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>, **style)<br />ax.text(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-10-31'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4600</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"Halloween"</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'right'</span>, **style)<br />ax.text(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-11-25'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4450</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"Thanksgiving"</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>, **style)<br />ax.text(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-12-25'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3850</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"Christmas "</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'right'</span>, **style)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 设置标题和y轴标签</span><br />ax.set(title=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'USA births by day of year (1969-1988)'</span>,<br /> ylabel=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'average daily births'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 设置x轴标签月份居中</span><br />ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(mpl.dates.MonthLocator())<br />ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(mpl.dates.MonthLocator(bymonthday=<span style="line-height: 26px;">15</span>))<br />ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())<br />ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(mpl.dates.DateFormatter(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'%h'</span>));<br /></section>
转换和文本位置
-
ax.transData:与数据坐标相关的转换 -
ax.tranAxes:与 Axes 尺寸相关的转换(单位是 axes 的宽和高) -
ax.tranFigure:与 figure 尺寸相关的转换(单位是 figure 的宽和高)
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(facecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'lightgray'</span>)<br />ax.axis([<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>])<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># transform=ax.transData是默认的,这里写出来是为了明确对比</span><br />ax.text(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">". Data: (1, 5)"</span>, transform=ax.transData)<br />ax.text(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">". Axes: (0.5, 0.1)"</span>, transform=ax.transAxes)<br />ax.text(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">". Figure: (0.2, 0.2)"</span>, transform=fig.transFigure);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax.set_xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>)<br />ax.set_ylim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>)<br />fig<br /></section>
箭头和标注
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><br />fig, ax = plt.subplots()<br /><br />x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">20</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />ax.plot(x, np.cos(x))<br />ax.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'equal'</span>)<br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'local maximum'</span>, xy=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">6.28</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>), xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>),<br /> arrowprops=dict(facecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>, shrink=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.05</span>))<br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'local minimum'</span>, xy=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span> * np.pi, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>), xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-6</span>),<br /> arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"->"</span>,<br /> connectionstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"angle3,angleA=0,angleB=-90"</span>));<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">12</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>))<br />births_by_date.plot(ax=ax)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 为图表添加标注</span><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"New Year's Day"</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-1-1'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4100</span>), xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>,<br /> xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-30</span>), textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'offset points'</span>,<br /> arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"->"</span>,<br /> connectionstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"arc3,rad=-0.2"</span>))<br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"Independence Day"</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-7-4'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4250</span>), xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>,<br /> bbox=dict(boxstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"round"</span>, fc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"none"</span>, ec=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"gray"</span>),<br /> xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-40</span>), textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'offset points'</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>,<br /> arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"->"</span>))<br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Labor Day'</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-9-4'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4850</span>), xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'center'</span>,<br /> xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-20</span>), textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'offset points'</span>)<br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">''</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-9-1'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4850</span>), xytext=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-9-7'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4850</span>),<br /> xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>, textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>,<br /> arrowprops={<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'arrowstyle'</span>: <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'|-|,widthA=0.2,widthB=0.2'</span>, })<br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Halloween'</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-10-31'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4600</span>), xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>,<br /> xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-80</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-40</span>), textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'offset points'</span>,<br /> arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"fancy"</span>,<br /> fc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"0.6"</span>, ec=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"none"</span>,<br /> connectionstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"angle3,angleA=0,angleB=-90"</span>))<br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Thanksgiving'</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-11-25'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4500</span>), xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>,<br /> xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-120</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">-60</span>), textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'offset points'</span>,<br /> bbox=dict(boxstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"round4,pad=.5"</span>, fc=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"0.9"</span>),<br /> arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"->"</span>,<br /> connectionstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"angle,angleA=0,angleB=80,rad=20"</span>))<br /><br /><br />ax.annotate(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Christmas'</span>, xy=(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'2012-12-25'</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3850</span>), xycoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'data'</span>,<br /> xytext=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-30</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>), textcoords=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'offset points'</span>,<br /> size=<span style="line-height: 26px;">13</span>, ha=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'right'</span>, va=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"center"</span>,<br /> bbox=dict(boxstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"round"</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>),<br /> arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"wedge,tail_width=0.5"</span>, alpha=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span>));<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 设置图表标题和坐标轴标记</span><br />ax.set(title=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'USA births by day of year (1969-1988)'</span>,<br /> ylabel=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'average daily births'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 设置月份坐标居中显示</span><br />ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(mpl.dates.MonthLocator())<br />ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(mpl.dates.MonthLocator(bymonthday=<span style="line-height: 26px;">15</span>))<br />ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())<br />ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(mpl.dates.DateFormatter(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'%h'</span>));<br /><br />ax.set_ylim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">3600</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5400</span>);<br /></section>
10.自定义刻度
主要的和次要的刻度
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br />plt.style.use(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'classic'</span>)<br />%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes(xscale=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'log'</span>, yscale=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'log'</span>, xlim=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">10e-5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10e5</span>], ylim=[<span style="line-height: 26px;">10e-5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">10e5</span>])<br />ax.grid();<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">print(ax.xaxis.get_major_locator())<br />print(ax.xaxis.get_minor_locator())<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;border-radius: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;"><matplotlib.ticker.LogLocator object at 0x000001E8074AF108><br /><matplotlib.ticker.LogLocator object at 0x000001E8074AD908><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">print(ax.xaxis.get_major_formatter())<br />print(ax.xaxis.get_minor_formatter())<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;border-radius: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;"><matplotlib.ticker.LogFormatterSciNotation object at 0x000001E8074AEB88><br /><matplotlib.ticker.LogFormatterSciNotation object at 0x000001E8074ADB48><br /></section>
隐藏刻度和标签
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes()<br />ax.plot(np.random.rand(<span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>))<br /><br />ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.NullLocator())<br />ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.NullFormatter())<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, figsize=(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>))<br />fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, wspace=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 从scikit-learn载入头像数据集</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> sklearn.datasets <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> fetch_olivetti_faces<br />faces = fetch_olivetti_faces().images<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> i <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>):<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> j <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: 26px;">5</span>):<br /> ax[i, j].xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.NullLocator())<br /> ax[i, j].yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.NullLocator())<br /> ax[i, j].imshow(faces[<span style="line-height: 26px;">10</span> * i + j], cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"bone"</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;display: -webkit-box;border-radius: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 13px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">downloading Olivetti faces from<br />https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/5976027<br />to C:Usersgdcscikit_learn_data</span><br /></section>
减少或增加刻度的数量
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig, ax = plt.subplots(<span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>, sharex=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>, sharey=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 对x和y轴设置刻度最大数量</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">for</span> axi <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">in</span> ax.flat:<br /> axi.xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MaxNLocator(<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>))<br /> axi.yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MaxNLocator(<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>))<br />fig<br /></section>
复杂的刻度格式
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 绘制正弦和余弦图表</span><br />fig, ax = plt.subplots()<br />x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span> * np.pi, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), lw=<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Sine'</span>)<br />ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), lw=<span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span>, label=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Cosine'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 设置网格、图例和轴极限</span><br />ax.grid(<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">True</span>)<br />ax.legend(frameon=<span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">False</span>)<br />ax.axis(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'equal'</span>)<br />ax.set_xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">3</span> * np.pi);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(np.pi / <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>))<br />ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(np.pi / <span style="line-height: 26px;">4</span>))<br />fig<br /></section>
plt.FuncFormatter
,这个对象能够接受一个用户自定义的函数来提供对于刻度标签的精细控制:<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">format_func</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(value, tick_number)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># N是pi/2的倍数</span><br /> N = int(np.round(<span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span> * value / np.pi))<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">if</span> N == <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>:<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">"0"</span> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 0点</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">elif</span> N == <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>:<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">r"$frac{pi}{2}$"</span> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># pi/2</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">elif</span> N == <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>:<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">r"$pi$"</span> <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># pi</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">elif</span> N % <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span> > <span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>:<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">r"$frac{{%d}pi}{2}$"</span> %N <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># n*pi/2 n是奇数</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">else</span>:<br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">r"${0}pi$"</span>.format(N // <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>) <span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># n*pi n是整数</span><br /><br />ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.FuncFormatter(format_func))<br />fig<br /></section>
Formatter 和 Locator 总结
NullLocator |
|
FixedLocator |
|
IndexLocator |
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LinearLocator |
|
LogLocator |
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MultipleLocator |
|
MaxNLocator |
|
AutoLocator |
|
AutoMinorLocator |
|
NullFormatter |
|
IndexFormatter |
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FixedFormatter |
|
FuncFormatter |
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FormatStrFormatter |
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ScalarFormatter |
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LogFormatter |
|
11.在 matplotlib 中创建三维图表
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> mpl_toolkits <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> mplot3d<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">%matplotlib inline<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> numpy <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> np<br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">as</span> plt<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig = plt.figure()<br />ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br /></section>
三维的点和线
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 三维螺旋线的数据</span><br />zline = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">15</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />xline = np.sin(zline)<br />yline = np.cos(zline)<br />ax.plot3D(xline, yline, zline, <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'gray'</span>)<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 三维散点的数据</span><br />zdata = <span style="line-height: 26px;">15</span> * np.random.random(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br />xdata = np.sin(zdata) + <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span> * np.random.randn(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br />ydata = np.cos(zdata) + <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.1</span> * np.random.randn(<span style="line-height: 26px;">100</span>)<br />ax.scatter3D(xdata, ydata, zdata, c=zdata, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'Greens'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">def</span> <span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">f</span><span style="line-height: 26px;">(x, y)</span>:</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">return</span> np.sin(np.sqrt(x ** <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span> + y ** <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span>))<br /><br />x = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>)<br />y = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>)<br /><br />X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)<br />Z = f(X, Y)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig = plt.figure()<br />ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.contour3D(X, Y, Z, <span style="line-height: 26px;">50</span>, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'binary'</span>)<br />ax.set_xlabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'x'</span>)<br />ax.set_ylabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'y'</span>)<br />ax.set_zlabel(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'z'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax.view_init(<span style="line-height: 26px;">60</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">35</span>)<br />fig<br /></section>
框线图和表面图
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">fig = plt.figure()<br />ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, color=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'black'</span>)<br />ax.set_title(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'wireframe'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, cstride=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>, edgecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'none'</span>)<br />ax.set_title(<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'surface'</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">r = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">20</span>)<br />theta = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-0.9</span> * np.pi, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.8</span> * np.pi, <span style="line-height: 26px;">40</span>)<br />r, theta = np.meshgrid(r, theta)<br /><br />X = r * np.sin(theta)<br />Y = r * np.cos(theta)<br />Z = f(X, Y)<br /><br />ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>, cstride=<span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>, edgecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'none'</span>);<br /></section>
表面三角剖分
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">theta = <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span> * np.pi * np.random.random(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />r = <span style="line-height: 26px;">6</span> * np.random.random(<span style="line-height: 26px;">1000</span>)<br />x = np.ravel(r * np.sin(theta))<br />y = np.ravel(r * np.cos(theta))<br />z = f(x, y)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.scatter(x, y, z, c=z, cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>, linewidth=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span>);<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.plot_trisurf(x, y, z,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>, edgecolor=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'none'</span>);<br /></section>
例子:绘制莫比乌斯环
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">theta = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">2</span> * np.pi, <span style="line-height: 26px;">30</span>)<br />w = np.linspace(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-0.25</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.25</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">8</span>)<br />w, theta = np.meshgrid(w, theta)<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;">phi = <span style="line-height: 26px;">0.5</span> * theta<br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># r是坐标点距离环形中心的距离值</span><br />r = <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span> + w * np.cos(phi)<br /><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 利用简单的三角函数知识算得x,y,z坐标值</span><br /><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">x = np.ravel(r * np.cos(theta))</span><br style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;" /><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">y = np.ravel(r * np.sin(theta))</span><br style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;" /><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;letter-spacing: 0.476px;">z = np.ravel(w * np.sin(phi))</span><br /></section>
<section style="margin: 5px 8px;padding: 15px 16px 16px;font-size: 12px;font-family: "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;overflow-x: auto;color: rgb(221, 221, 221);display: -webkit-box;background: rgb(39, 40, 34);border-radius: 5px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="color: rgb(117, 113, 94);line-height: 26px;"># 在底层参数的基础上进行三角剖分</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">from</span> matplotlib.tri <span style="color: rgb(249, 38, 114);font-weight: bold;line-height: 26px;">import</span> Triangulation<br />tri = Triangulation(np.ravel(w), np.ravel(theta))<br /><br />ax = plt.axes(projection=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'3d'</span>)<br />ax.plot_trisurf(x, y, z, triangles=tri.triangles,<br /> cmap=<span style="color: rgb(166, 226, 46);line-height: 26px;">'viridis'</span>, linewidths=<span style="line-height: 26px;">0.2</span>);<br /><br />ax.set_xlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>); ax.set_ylim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>); ax.set_zlim(<span style="line-height: 26px;">-1</span>, <span style="line-height: 26px;">1</span>);<br /></section>
参考资料
[1]PythonDataScienceHandbook:https://github.com/jakevdp/PythonDataScienceHandbook/tree/master/notebooks
<section data-brushtype="text" style="padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;white-space: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;widows: 1;word-spacing: 2px;caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);text-align: center;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;">—</span></strong>完<strong style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;">—</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></section><pre style="padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);widows: 1;word-spacing: 2px;caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);text-align: center;"><pre><section style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 15px;margin-bottom: 25px;opacity: 0.8;"><section><section style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 15px;margin-bottom: 25px;opacity: 0.8;"><section><section style="margin-bottom: 15px;padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-size: 12px;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 25.5938px;letter-spacing: 3px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: 微软雅黑;caret-color: red;">为您推荐</span></strong></span></section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;min-height: 1em;font-family: sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0px;opacity: 0.8;line-height: normal;">一文了解深度推荐算法的演进</section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;min-height: 1em;font-family: sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0px;opacity: 0.8;line-height: normal;">干货 | 算法工程师超实用技术路线图</section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;min-height: 1em;font-family: sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0px;opacity: 0.8;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">13个算法工程师必须掌握的PyTorch Tricks</span></section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;min-height: 1em;font-family: sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0px;opacity: 0.8;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">吴恩达上新:生成对抗网络(GAN)专项课程</span><br /></section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;padding-right: 0em;padding-left: 0em;min-height: 1em;font-family: sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0px;opacity: 0.8;line-height: normal;">拿到2021灰飞烟灭算法岗offer的大佬们是啥样的<span style="font-size: 14px;">?</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
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