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30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！

30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！

作者 | Erik-Jan van Baaren 

译者 | 弯月，责编 | 屠敏 

出品 | CSDN（ID：CSDNnews）


以下为译文：
借本文为大家献上 Python 语言的 30 个最佳实践、小贴士和技巧，希望能对各位勤劳的程序员有所帮助，并希望大家工作顺利！ 
1. Python 版本
在此想提醒各位：自2020年1月1日起，Python 官方不再支持 Python 2。本文中的很多示例只能在 Python 3 中运行。如果你仍在使用 Python 2.7，请立即升级。
2. 检查 Python 的最低版本
你可以在代码中检查 Python 的版本，以确保你的用户没有在不兼容的版本中运行脚本。检查方式如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">not</span> sys.version_info > (<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">7</span>):<br  />   <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># berate your user for running a 10 year</span><br  />   <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># python version</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">elif</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">not</span> sys.version_info >= (<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>):<br  />   <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Kindly tell your user (s)he needs to upgrade</span><br  />   <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># because you're using 3.5 features</span></span></section>

3. IPython
30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！
IPython 本质上就是一个增强版的shell。就冲着自动补齐就值得一试，而且它的功能还不止于此，它还有很多令我爱不释手的命令，例如：

  • %cd：改变当前的工作目录

  • %edit：打开编辑器，并关闭编辑器后执行键入的代码

  • %env：显示当前环境变量

  • %pip install [pkgs]：无需离开交互式shell，就可以安装软件包

  • %time 和 %timeit：测量执行Python代码的时间

完整的命令列表，请点击此处查看（https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html）。
还有一个非常实用的功能：引用上一个命令的输出。In 和 Out 是实际的对象。你可以通过 Out[3] 的形式使用第三个命令的输出。
IPython 的安装命令如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">pip3</span> install ipython</span></section>

4. 列表推导式
你可以利用列表推导式，避免使用循环填充列表时的繁琐。列表推导式的基本语法如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[ expression <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> item <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> list <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> conditional ]</span></section>

举一个基本的例子：用一组有序数字填充一个列表：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mylist = [i <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> i <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> range(10)]<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(mylist)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]</span></span></section>

由于可以使用表达式，所以你也可以做一些算术运算：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">squares = [x**2 <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> x <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> range(10)]<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(squares)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]</span></span></section>

甚至可以调用外部函数：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"><span style="line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">def</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">some_function</span><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(255, 152, 35);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">(a)</span>:</span><br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> (a + <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>) / <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">2</span><br  /><br  />my_formula = [some_function(i) <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> i <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">10</span>)]<br  />print(my_formula)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7]</span></span></section>

最后，你还可以使用 ‘if’ 来过滤列表。在如下示例中，我们只保留能被2整除的数字：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">filtered = [i <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> i <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> range(20) <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> i%2==0]<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(filtered)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]</span></span></section>

5. 检查对象使用内存的状况
你可以利用 sys.getsizeof() 来检查对象使用内存的状况：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> sys<br  /><br  />mylist = range(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">10000</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(sys.getsizeof(mylist))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 48</span></span></section>

等等，为什么这个巨大的列表仅包含48个字节？
因为这里的 range 函数返回了一个类，只不过它的行为就像一个列表。在使用内存方面，range 远比实际的数字列表更加高效。
你可以试试看使用列表推导式创建一个范围相同的数字列表： 

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> sys<br  /><br  />myreallist = [x <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> x <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">10000</span>)]<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(sys.getsizeof(myreallist))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 87632</span></span></section>

6. 返回多个值
Python 中的函数可以返回一个以上的变量，而且还无需使用字典、列表或类。如下所示：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"><span style="line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">def</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">get_user</span><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(255, 152, 35);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">(id)</span>:</span><br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># fetch user from database</span><br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># ....</span><br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> name, birthdate<br  /><br  />name, birthdate = get_user(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>)</span></section>

如果返回值的数量有限当然没问题。但是，如果返回值的数量超过3个，那么你就应该将返回值放入一个（数据）类中。
7. 使用数据类
Python从版本3.7开始提供数据类。与常规类或其他方法（比如返回多个值或字典）相比，数据类有几个明显的优势：

  • 数据类的代码量较少

  • 你可以比较数据类，因为数据类提供了 __eq__ 方法

  • 调试的时候，你可以轻松地输出数据类，因为数据类还提供了 __repr__ 方法

  • 数据类需要类型提示，因此可以减少Bug的发生几率 

数据类的示例如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">from</span> dataclasses <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> dataclass<br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(91, 218, 237);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">@dataclass</span><br  /><span style="color: inherit;line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">class</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">Card</span>:</span><br  />    rank: str<br  />    suit: str<br  /><br  />card = Card(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"Q"</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"hearts"</span>)<br  /><br  />print(card == card)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># True</span><br  /><br  />print(card.rank)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 'Q'</span><br  /><br  />print(card)<br  />Card(rank=<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'Q'</span>, suit=<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'hearts'</span>)</span></section>

详细的使用指南请点击这里（https://realpython.com/python-data-classes/）。
8. 交换变量
如下的小技巧很巧妙，可以为你节省多行代码：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">a = 1<br  />b = 2<br  />a, b = b, a<br  />print (a)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 2</span><br  />print (b)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 1</span></span></section>

9. 合并字典（Python 3.5以上的版本）
从Python 3.5开始，合并字典的操作更加简单了：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">dict1 = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }<br  />dict2 = { 'b': 3, 'c': 4 }<br  />merged = { **dict1, **dict2 }<br  />print (merged)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># {'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}</span></span></section>

如果 key 重复，那么第一个字典中的 key 会被覆盖。
10. 字符串的首字母大写
如下技巧真是一个小可爱：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mystring = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"10 awesome python tricks"</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(mystring.title())<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'10 Awesome Python Tricks'</span></span></section>

11. 将字符串分割成列表
你可以将字符串分割成一个字符串列表。在如下示例中，我们利用空格分割各个单词：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mystring = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"The quick brown fox"</span><br  />mylist = mystring.split(' ')<br  />print(mylist)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># ['The', 'quick', 'brown', 'fox']</span></span></section>

12. 根据字符串列表创建字符串
与上述技巧相反，我们可以根据字符串列表创建字符串，然后在各个单词之间加入空格：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mylist = [<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'The'</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'quick'</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'brown'</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'fox'</span>]<br  />mystring = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">" "</span>.join(mylist)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(mystring)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 'The quick brown fox'</span></span></section>

你可能会问为什么不是 mylist.join(" ")，这是个好问题！
根本原因在于，函数 String.join() 不仅可以联接列表，而且还可以联接任何可迭代对象。将其放在String中是为了避免在多个地方重复实现同一个功能。
13. 表情符
30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！
有些人非常喜欢表情符，而有些人则深恶痛绝。我在此郑重声明：在分析社交媒体数据时，表情符可以派上大用场。
首先，我们来安装表情符模块：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">pip3</span> install emoji</span></section>

安装完成后，你可以按照如下方式使用：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> emoji<br  />result = emoji.emojize(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'Python is :thumbs_up:'</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(result)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 'Python is 👍'</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># You can also reverse this:</span><br  />result = emoji.demojize(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'Python is 👍'</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(result)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 'Python is :thumbs_up:'</span></span></section>

更多有关表情符的示例和文档，请点击此处（https://pypi.org/project/emoji/）。
14. 列表切片
列表切片的基本语法如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">a[<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">start</span>:<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">stop</span>:step]</span></section>

start、stop 和 step 都是可选项。如果不指定，则会使用如下默认值：

  • start：0

  • end：字符串的结尾

  • step：1

示例如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># We can easily create a new list from </span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># the first two elements of a list:</span><br  />first_two = [<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">1, 2, 3, 4, 5</span>][<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">0:2</span>]<br  />print(first_two)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [1, 2]</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># And if we use a step value of 2, </span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># we can skip over every second number</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># like this:</span><br  />steps = [<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">1, 2, 3, 4, 5</span>][<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">0:5:2</span>]<br  />print(steps)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [1, 3, 5]</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># This works on strings too. In Python,</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># you can treat a string like a list of</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># letters:</span><br  />mystring = "abcdefdn nimt"[::2]<br  />print(mystring)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 'aced it'</span></span></section>

15. 反转字符串和列表
你可以利用如上切片的方法来反转字符串或列表。只需指定 step 为 -1，就可以反转其中的元素：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">revstring = "abcdefg"[::-1]<br  />print(revstring)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 'gfedcba'</span><br  /><br  />revarray = [<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">1, 2, 3, 4, 5</span>][<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">::-1</span>]<br  />print(revarray)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]</span></span></section>

16. 显示猫猫
我终于找到了一个充分的借口可以在我的文章中显示猫猫了，哈哈！当然，你也可以利用它来显示图片。首先你需要安装 Pillow，这是一个 Python 图片库的分支：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">pip3</span> install Pillow</span></section>

接下来，你可以将如下图片下载到一个名叫 kittens.jpg 的文件中：
30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！
然后，你就可以通过如下 Python 代码显示上面的图片：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">from</span> PIL <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> Image<br  /><br  />im = Image.open(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"kittens.jpg"</span>)<br  />im.show()<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(im.format, im.size, im.mode)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># JPEG (1920, 1357) RGB</span></span></section>

Pillow 还有很多显示该图片之外的功能。它可以分析、调整大小、过滤、增强、变形等等。完整的文档，请点击这里（https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/）。
17. map()
Python 有一个自带的函数叫做 map()，语法如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">map(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"><span style="line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">function</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">something_iterable</span>)</span></span></section>

所以，你需要指定一个函数来执行，或者一些东西来执行。任何可迭代对象都可以。在如下示例中，我指定了一个列表：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">def upper(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">s</span>):<br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> s.upper()<br  /><br  />mylist = list(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">map</span>(upper, [<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'sentence'</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'fragment'</span>]))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(mylist)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># ['SENTENCE', 'FRAGMENT']</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Convert a string representation of</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># a number into a list of ints.</span><br  />list_of_ints = list(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">map</span>(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"1234567"</span>)))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(list_of_ints)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]</span></span></section>

你可以仔细看看自己的代码，看看能不能用 map() 替代某处的循环。
18. 获取列表或字符串中的唯一元素
如果你利用函数 set() 创建一个集合，就可以获取某个列表或类似于列表的对象的唯一元素：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mylist = [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6]<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span> (<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">set</span>(mylist))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># And since a string can be treated like a </span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># list of letters, you can also get the </span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># unique letters from a string this way:</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span> (<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">set</span>(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"aaabbbcccdddeeefff"</span>))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'}</span></span></section>

19. 查找出现频率最高的值
你可以通过如下方法查找出现频率最高的值：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">test</span> = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4]<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(max(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">set</span>(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">test</span>), key = test.count))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 4</span></span></section>

你能看懂上述代码吗？想法搞明白上述代码再往下读。
没看懂？我来告诉你吧：

  • max() 会返回列表的最大值。参数 key 会接受一个参数函数来自定义排序，在本例中为 test.count。该函数会应用于迭代对象的每一项。

  • test.count 是 list 的内置函数。它接受一个参数，而且还会计算该参数的出现次数。因此，test.count(1) 将返回2，而 test.count(4) 将返回4。

  • set(test) 将返回 test 中所有的唯一值，也就是 {1, 2, 3, 4}。

因此，这一行代码完成的操作是：首先获取 test 所有的唯一值，即{1, 2, 3, 4}；然后，max 会针对每一个值执行 list.count，并返回最大值。
这一行代码可不是我个人的发明。
20. 创建一个进度条
你可以创建自己的进度条，听起来很有意思。但是，更简单的方法是使用 progress 包：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">pip3</span> install progress</span></section>

接下来，你就可以轻松地创建进度条了：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">from</span> progress.bar <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> Bar<br  /><br  />bar = Bar(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'Processing'</span>, max=<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">20</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> i <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">in</span> range(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">20</span>):<br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Do some work</span><br  />    bar.next()<br  />bar.finish()</span></section>

21. 在交互式shell中使用_（下划线运算符）
你可以通过下划线运算符获取上一个表达式的结果，例如在 IPython 中，你可以这样操作：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">In</span> <span style="color: inherit;line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">[1]</span>: 3 * 3<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">Out</span><span style="color: inherit;line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">[1]</span>: 9<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">In</span> <span style="color: inherit;line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">[2]</span>: _ + 3<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">Out</span><span style="color: inherit;line-height: inherit;overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">[2]</span>: 12</span></section>

Python Shell 中也可以这样使用。另外，在 IPython shell 中，你还可以通过 Out[n] 获取表达式 In[n] 的值。例如，在如上示例中，Out[1] 将返回数字9。
22. 快速创建Web服务器
你可以快速启动一个Web服务，并提供当前目录的内容：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">python3</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">-m</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">http</span><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">.server</span></span></section>

当你想与同事共享某个文件，或测试某个简单的HTML网站时，就可以考虑这个方法。
23. 多行字符串
虽然你可以用三重引号将代码中的多行字符串括起来，但是这种做法并不理想。所有放在三重引号之间的内容都会成为字符串，包括代码的格式，如下所示。
我更喜欢另一种方法，这种方法不仅可以将多行字符串连接在一起，而且还可以保证代码的整洁。唯一的缺点是你需要明确指定换行符。

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">s1 = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"""Multi line strings can be put<br  />        between triple quotes. It's not ideal<br  />        when formatting your code though"""</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span> (s1)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Multi line strings can be put</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">#         between triple quotes. It's not ideal</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">#         when formatting your code though</span><br  /><br  />s2 = (<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"You can also concatenate multiplen"</span> +<br  />        <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"strings this way, but you'll have ton"</span><br  />        <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"explicitly put in the newlines"</span>)<br  /><br  />print(s2)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># You can also concatenate multiple</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># strings this way, but you'll have to</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># explicitly put in the newlines</span></span></section>

24. 条件赋值中的三元运算符
这种方法可以让代码更简洁，同时又可以保证代码的可读性：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">[<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(91, 218, 237);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">on_true</span>] <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> [expression] <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">else</span> [on_false]</span></section>

示例如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">x = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"Success!"</span> if (y == 2) <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">else</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"Failed!"</span></span></section>

25. 统计元素的出现次数
你可以使用集合库中的 Counter 来获取列表中所有唯一元素的出现次数，Counter 会返回一个字典：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">from</span> collections <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> Counter<br  /><br  />mylist = [<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">6</span>, <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">6</span>]<br  />c = Counter(mylist)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(c)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Counter({1: 2, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 3, 6: 2})</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># And it works on strings too:</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(Counter(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"aaaaabbbbbccccc"</span>))<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 5, 'c': 5})</span></span></section>

26. 比较运算符的链接
你可以在 Python 中将多个比较运算符链接到一起，如此就可以创建更易读、更简洁的代码：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">x = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">10</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Instead of:</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> x > <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">and</span> x < <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">15</span>:<br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"Yes"</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># yes</span><br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># You can also write:</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span> < x < <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">15</span>:<br  />    <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">"Yes"</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Yes</span></span></section>

27. 添加颜色
30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！
你可以通过 Colorama，设置终端的显示颜色：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">from</span> colorama <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> Fore, Back, Style<br  /><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(Fore.RED + <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'some red text'</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(Back.GREEN + <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'and with a green background'</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(Style.DIM + <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'and in dim text'</span>)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(Style.RESET_ALL)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">print</span>(<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'back to normal now'</span>)</span></section>

28. 日期的处理
python-dateutil 模块作为标准日期模块的补充，提供了非常强大的扩展，你可以通过如下命令安装： 

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">pip3</span> install python-dateutil </span></section>

你可以利用该库完成很多神奇的操作。在此我只举一个例子：模糊分析日志文件中的日期：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">from</span> dateutil.parser <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">import</span> parse<br  /><br  />logline = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">'INFO 2020-01-01T00:00:01 Happy new year, human.'</span><br  />timestamp = parse(log_line, fuzzy=<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">True</span>)<br  />print(timestamp)<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># 2020-01-01 00:00:01</span></span></section>

你只需记住：当遇到常规 Python 日期时间功能无法解决的问题时，就可以考虑 python-dateutil ！
29.整数除法
30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！
在 Python 2 中，除法运算符（/）默认为整数除法，除非其中一个操作数是浮点数。因此，你可以这么写：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;"># Python 2</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span> / 2 = 2<br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span> / 2.0 = 2.5</span></section>

在 Python 3 中，除法运算符（/）默认为浮点除法，而整数除法的运算符为 //。因此，你需要这么写：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Python <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">3</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span> / <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">2</span> = <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">2.5</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(174, 135, 250);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">5</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">// 2 = 2</span></span></section>

这项变更背后的动机，请参阅 PEP-0238（https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238/）。
30. 通过chardet 来检测字符集
你可以使用 chardet 模块来检测文件的字符集。在分析大量随机文本时，这个模块十分实用。安装方法如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(238, 220, 112);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">pip</span> install chardet</span></section>

安装完成后，你就可以使用命令行工具 chardetect 了，使用方法如下：

<section style="line-height: 18px;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;border-radius: 0px;color: rgb(169, 183, 198);background: rgb(40, 43, 46);padding: 0.5em;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;overflow-wrap: normal !important;word-break: normal !important;overflow: auto !important;display: -webkit-box !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">chardetect</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">somefile</span><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">.txt</span><br  /><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">somefile</span><span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">.txt</span>: <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">ascii</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">with</span> <span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(248, 35, 117);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">confidence</span> 1<span style="line-height: inherit;color: rgb(165, 218, 45);overflow-wrap: inherit !important;word-break: inherit !important;">.0</span></span></section>

你也可以在编程中使用该库，完整的文档请点击这里：
https://chardet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html
这 30 个小例子虽然有一些是老生长谈，但是确实非常经典，值得反复记忆、练习和收藏！
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30 个 Python 的最佳实践、小贴士和技巧！

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