知行编程网知行编程网  2022-06-10 09:00 知行编程网 |  隐藏边栏 |   抢沙发 |  1 
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震惊！别这样直接运行 Python 命令，否则电脑等于“裸奔”
编译整理：晓查   报道：量子位
原文链接：http://dwz.date/dnz

Python 已经成为全球最受欢迎的编程语言之一。原因当然是 Python 简明易用的脚本语法，只需把一段程序放入 .py 文件中，就能快速运行

而且 Python 语言很容易上手模块。比如你编写了一个模块my_lib.py，只需在调用这个模块的程序中加入一行import my_lib即可

这样设计的好处是，初学者能够非常方便地执行命令。但是对攻击者来说，这等于是为恶意程序大开后门

尤其是一些初学者将网上的 Python 软件包、代码下载的到本地~/Downloads文件夹后，就直接在此路径下运行 python 命令，这样做会给电脑带来极大的隐患

别再图方便了

为何这样做会有危险？首先，我们要了解 Python 程序安全运行需要满足的三个条件：

  1. 系统路径上的每个条目都处于安全的位置

  2. “主脚本” 所在的目录始终位于系统路径中

  3. 若 python 命令使用 -c 和 -m 选项，调用程序的目录也必须是安全的

如果你运行的是正确安装的 Python，那么Python 安装目录和 virtualenv 之外唯一会自动添加到系统路径的位置，就是当前主程序的安装目录

震惊！别这样直接运行 Python 命令，否则电脑等于“裸奔”

这就是安全隐患的来源，下面用一个实例告诉你为什么

如果你把 pip 安装在 /usr/bin文件夹下，并运行 pip 命令，由于/usr/bin是系统路径，因此这是一个非常安全的地方

但是，有些人并不喜欢直接使用 pip，而是更喜欢调用 /path/to/python -m pip

这样做的好处是可以避免环境变量 $PATH 设置的复杂性，而且对于 Windows 用户来说，也可以避免处理安装各种 exe 脚本和文档

所以问题就来了，如果你的下载文件中有一个叫做 pip.py 的文件，那么你将它将取代系统自带的 pip，接管你的程序

下载文件夹并不安全

比如你不是从 PyPI，而是直接从网上直接下载了一个 Python wheel 文件，你很自然地输入以下命令来安装它：

这似乎是一件很合理的事情

但你不知道的是，这么操作很有可能访问带有 XSS JavaScript 的站点，并将带有恶意软件的的pip.py到下载文件夹中

下面是一个恶意攻击软件的演示实例：

看到了吗？这段代码生成了一个 pip.py，并且代替系统的 pip 接管了程序

设置$PYTHONPATH也不安全

前面已经说过，Python 只会调用系统路径、virtualenv 虚拟环境路径以及当前主程序路径

你也许会说，那我手动设置一下 $PYTHONPATH 环境变量，不把当前目录放在环境变量里，这样不就安全了吗？

非也！不幸的是，你可能会遭遇另一种攻击方式。下面让我们模拟一个“脆弱的” Python 程序：

然后创建 2 个目录：install_dir和attacker_dir。将上面的程序放在 install_dir 中

然后 cd attacker_dir 将复杂的恶意软件放在这里，并把它的名字改成 tool.py 调用的 optional_extra 模块：

我们运行一下它：

到这里还很好，没有出现任何问题

但是这个习惯用法有一个严重的缺陷：第一次调用它时，如果 $PYTHONPATH 以前是空的或者未设置，那么它会包含一个空字符串，该字符串被解析为当前目录

让我们再尝试一下：

看到了吗？恶意脚本接管了程序

为了安全起见，你可能会认为，清空 $PYTHONPATH总该没问题了吧？Naive！还是不安全！

这里发生的事情是，$PYTHONPATH变成空的了，这和 unset 是不一样的

因为在Python里，os.environ.get(“PYTHONPATH”) == “”和 os.environ.get(“PYTHONPATH”) == None是不一样的

如果要确保 $PYTHONPATH 已从 shell 中清除，则需要使用 unset 命令处理一遍，然后就正常了

设置$PYTHONPATH曾经是设置 Python 开发环境的最常用方法。但你以后最好别再用它了，virtualenv 可以更好地满足开发者需求。如果你过去设置了一个$PYTHONPATH，现在是很好的机会，把它删除了吧

如果你确实需要在 shell 中使用 PYTHONPATH，请用以下方法：

在bash和zsh中，$PYTHONPATH 变量的值会变成：

如此便保证了环境变量 $PYTHONPATH 中没有空格和多余的冒号。

如果你仍在使用 $PYTHONPATH，请确保始终使用绝对路径！

另外，在下载文件夹中直接运行 Jupyter Notebook 也是一样危险的，比如jupyter notebook ~/Downloads/anything.ipynb也有可能将恶意程序引入到代码中。

预防措施

最后总结一下要点。

  1. 如果要在下载文件夹 ~/Downloads 中使用 Python 编写的工具，请养成良好习惯，使用pip所在路径 /path/to/venv/bin/pip，而不是输入/path/to/venv/bin/python -m pip

  2. 避免将 ~/Downloads 作为当前工作目录，并在启动之前将要使用的任何软件移至更合适的位置

震惊！别这样直接运行 Python 命令，否则电脑等于“裸奔”

了解 Python 从何处获取执行代码非常重要，赋予其他人执行任意 Python 命令的能力等同于赋予他对你电脑的完全控制权

希望以上文字对初学 Python 的你有所帮助！



震惊！别这样直接运行 Python 命令，否则电脑等于“裸奔”


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震惊！别这样直接运行 Python 命令，否则电脑等于“裸奔”

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data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" 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0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" style="display: inline-block;clear: both;"><section data-brushtype="text" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-style="padding: 18px 15px 20px 10px; color: rgb(86, 146, 214); text-align: center; letter-spacing: 1.5px; background-image: url('https://www.zkxjob.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/wxsync-2022-06-a2a8a5e1e58f30392066a170034ee027.png'); background-size: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="padding: 18px 15px 20px 10px;background-size: 100% 100%;background-image: url('https://www.zkxjob.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/wxsync-2022-06-a2a8a5e1e58f30392066a170034ee027.png');color: rgb(86, 146, 214);letter-spacing: 1.5px;background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="margin-left: 2px;width: 20px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;font-size: 15px;">点这里，获取新手福利</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>

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