作者:豌豆花下猫
来源:Python猫
我有一个核心的发现:Python 内置类型的特殊方法(含魔术方法与其它方法)由 C 语言独立实现,在 Python 层面不存在调用关系。
但是,文中也提到了一个例外:一个非常神秘的魔术方法。
这个方法非常不起眼,用途狭窄,我几乎从未注意过它,然而,当发现它可能是上述“定律”的唯一例外情况时,我认为值得再写一篇文章来详细审视一下它。
(3) __missing__()是否真的是上述发现的例外?如果是的话,为什么会有这种特例?
1、有点价值的__missing__()
对于 get() 方法,它是有返回值的,而且可以传入第二个参数,作为 key 不存在时的返回内容,因此还可以接受。但是,另外两种写法都会报错。
为了解决后两种写法的问题,就可以用到 __missing__() 魔术方法。
现在,假设我们有一个这样的诉求:从字典中取某个 key 对应的 value,如果有值则返回值,如果没有值则插入 key,并且给它一个默认值(例如一个空列表)。
collections.defaultdict
:如图所示,当取不存在的 key 时,没有再报 KeyError,而是默认存入到字典中。
为什么 defaultdict 可以做到这一点呢?
原因是 defaultdict 在继承了内置类型 dict 之后,还定义了一个 __missing__() 方法,当 __getitem__取不存在的值时,它就会调用入参中传入的工厂函数(上例是调用 list(),创建空列表)。
简而言之,__missing__()的主要作用就是由__getitem__在缺失 key 时调用,从而避免出现 KeyError。
collections.Counter
,它也是 dict 的子类,在取未被统计的 key 时,返回计数 0:2、神出鬼没的__missing__()
由上可知,__missing__()在__getitem__()取不到值时会被调用,但是,我不经意间还发现了一个细节:__getitem__()在取不到值时,并不一定会调用__missing__()。
这是因为它并非内置类型的必要属性,并没有在字典基类中被预先定义。
如果你直接从 dict 类型中取该属性值,会报属性不存在:AttributeError: type object 'object' has no attribute '__missing__'
。
如果从 dict 的父类即 object 中查看,也会发现同样的结果。
这是怎么回事呢?为什么在 dict 和 object 中都没有__missing__属性呢?
也就是说,理论上 object 类中会预定义__missing__,其文档证明了这一点,然而实际上它并没有被定义!文档与现实出现了偏差!
如此一来,当 dict 的子类(例如 defaultdict 和 Counter)在定义__missing__ 时,这个魔术方法事实上只属于该子类,也就是说,它是一个诞生于子类中的魔术方法!
据此,我有一个不成熟的猜想:__getitem__()会判断当前对象是否是 dict 的子类,且是否拥有__missing__(),然后才会去调用它(如果父类中也有该方法,则不会先作判断,而是直接就调用了)。
而这就有意思了,在内置类型的子类上才存在的魔术方法,纵观整个 Python 世界,恐怕再难以找出第二例。
我突然有一个联想:这神出鬼没的__missing__(),就像是一个擅长玩“大变活人”的魔术师,先让观众在外面透过玻璃看到他(即官方文档),然而揭开门时,他并不在里面(即内置类型),再变换一下道具,他又完好无损就出现了(即 dict 的子类)。
3、被施魔法的__missing__()
__missing__() 的神奇之处,除了它本身会变“魔术”之外,它还需要一股强大的“魔法”才能驱动。
魔术方法的这种“老死不相往来”的表现,违背了一般的代码复用原则,也是导致内置类型的子类会出现某些奇怪表现的原因。
官方 Python 宁肯提供新的 UserString、UserList、UserDict 子类,也不愿意复用魔术方法,唯一合理的解释似乎是令魔术方法相互调用的代价太大。
但是,对于特例__missing__(),Python 却不得不妥协,不得不付出这种代价!
__missing__() 是魔术方法的“二等公民”,它没有独立的调用入口,只能被动地由 __getitem__() 调用,即__missing__() 依赖于__getitem__()。
不同于那些“一等公民”,例如 __init__()、__enter__()、__len__()、__eq__() 等等,它们要么是在对象生命周期或执行过程的某个节点被触发,要么由某个内置函数或操作符触发,这些都是相对独立的事件,无所依赖。
__missing__() 依赖于__getitem__(),才能实现方法调用;而 __getitem__() 也要依赖 __missing__(),才能实现完整功能。
而这就是真正的“魔法”了,目前为止,__missing__()似乎是唯一一个享受了此等待遇的魔术方法!
4、小结
Python 的字典提供了两种取值的内置方法,即__getitem__() 和 get(),当取值不存在时,它们的处理策略是不一样的:前者会报错KeyError
,而后者会返回 None。
为什么 Python 要提供两个不同的方法呢?或者应该问,为什么 Python 要令这两个方法做出不一样的处理呢?
这可能有一个很复杂(也可能是很简单)的解释,本文暂不深究了。
不过有一点是可以确定的:即原生 dict 类型简单粗暴地抛KeyError
的做法有所不足。
为了让字典类型有更强大的表现(或者说让__getitem__()作出 get() 那样的表现),Python 让字典的子类可以定义__missing__(),供__getitem__()查找调用。
本文梳理了__missing__()的实现原理,从而揭示出它并非是一个毫不起眼的存在,恰恰相反,它是唯一一个打破了魔术方法间壁垒,支持被其它魔术方法调用的特例!
Python 为了维持魔术方法的独立性,不惜煞费苦心地引入了 UserString、UserList、UserDict 这些派生类,但是对于 __missing__(),它却选择了妥协。
本文揭示出了这个魔术方法的神秘之处,不知你读后有何感想呢?欢迎留言讨论。
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data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="padding: 18px 15px 20px 10px;background-size: 100% 100%;background-image: url('https://www.zkxjob.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/wxsync-2022-06-a2a8a5e1e58f30392066a170034ee027.png');color: rgb(86, 146, 214);letter-spacing: 1.5px;background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="margin-left: 2px;width: 20px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">点这里,获取一大波福利</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
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