今天给大家分享一下关于装饰器的知识点,内容非常干,全程高能,认真吸收看完,一定会对装饰器有更深的理解。
Hello,装饰器
装饰器本质上是一个Python函数,它可以让其他函数在不需要做任何代码变动的前提下增加额外功能,装饰器的返回值也是一个函数对象。
它经常用于有切面需求的场景,比如:插入日志、性能测试、事务处理、缓存、权限校验等场景。
装饰器是解决这类问题的绝佳设计,有了装饰器,我们就可以抽离出大量与函数功能本身无关的雷同代码并继续重用。
装饰器的使用方法很固定
-
先定义一个装饰器(帽子)
-
再定义你的业务函数或者类(人)
-
最后把这装饰器(帽子)扣在这个函数(人)头上
就像下面这样子
实际上,装饰器并不是编码必须性,意思就是说,你不使用装饰器完全可以,它的出现,应该是使我们的代码
-
更加优雅,代码结构更加清晰
-
将实现特定的功能代码封装成装饰器,提高代码复用率,增强代码可读性
接下来,我将以实例讲解,如何编写出各种简单及复杂的装饰器。
第一种:普通装饰器
首先咱来写一个最普通的装饰器,它实现的功能是:
-
在函数执行前,先记录一行日志
-
在函数执行完,再记录一行日志
假如,我的业务函数是,计算两个数之和。写好后,直接给它带上帽子。
然后执行一下 add 函数。
来看看输出了什么?
第二种:带参数的函数装饰器
通过上面两个简单的入门示例,你应该能体会到装饰器的工作原理了。
不过,装饰器的用法还远不止如此,深究下去,还大有文章。今天就一起来把这个知识点学透。
回过头去看看上面的例子,装饰器是不能接收参数的。其用法,只能适用于一些简单的场景。不传参的装饰器,只能对被装饰函数,执行固定逻辑。
装饰器本身是一个函数,做为一个函数,如果不能传参,那这个函数的功能就会很受限,只能执行固定的逻辑。这意味着,如果装饰器的逻辑代码的执行需要根据不同场景进行调整,若不能传参的话,我们就要写两个装饰器,这显然是不合理的。
比如我们要实现一个可以定时发送邮件的任务(一分钟发送一封),定时进行时间同步的任务(一天同步一次),就可以自己实现一个 periodic_task (定时任务)的装饰器,这个装饰器可以接收一个时间间隔的参数,间隔多长时间执行一次任务。
可以这样像下面这样写,由于这个功能代码比较复杂,不利于学习,这里就不贴了。
那我们来自己创造一个伪场景,可以在装饰器里传入一个参数,指明国籍,并在函数执行前,用自己国家的母语打一个招呼。
那我们如果实现这个装饰器,让其可以实现 传参
呢?
会比较复杂,需要两层嵌套。
来执行一下
看看输出结果。
第三种:不带参数的类装饰器
以上都是基于函数实现的装饰器,在阅读别人代码时,还可以时常发现还有基于类实现的装饰器。
基于类装饰器的实现,必须实现 __call__
和 __init__
两个内置函数。__init__
:接收被装饰函数__call__
:实现装饰逻辑。
还是以日志打印这个简单的例子为例
执行一下,看看输出
第四种:带参数的类装饰器
上面不带参数的例子,你发现没有,只能打印INFO
级别的日志,正常情况下,我们还需要打印DEBUG
WARNING
等级别的日志。这就需要给类装饰器传入参数,给这个函数指定级别了。
带参数和不带参数的类装饰器有很大的不同。
__init__
:不再接收被装饰函数,而是接收传入参数。__call__
:接收被装饰函数,实现装饰逻辑。
我们指定WARNING
级别,运行一下,来看看输出。
say hello!
第五种:使用偏函数与类实现装饰器
绝大多数装饰器都是基于函数和闭包实现的,但这并非制造装饰器的唯一方式。
事实上,Python 对某个对象是否能通过装饰器( @decorator
)形式使用只有一个要求:decorator 必须是一个“可被调用(callable)的对象。
对于这个 callable 对象,我们最熟悉的就是函数了。
除函数之外,类也可以是 callable 对象,只要实现了__call__
函数(上面几个例子已经接触过了)。
还有容易被人忽略的偏函数其实也是 callable 对象。
接下来就来说说,如何使用 类和偏函数结合实现一个与众不同的装饰器。
如下所示,DelayFunc 是一个实现了 __call__
的类,delay 返回一个偏函数,在这里 delay 就可以做为一个装饰器。(以下代码摘自 Python工匠:使用装饰器的小技巧)
我们的业务函数很简单,就是相加
来看一下执行过程
第六种:能装饰类的装饰器
用 Python 写单例模式的时候,常用的有三种写法。其中一种,是用装饰器来实现的。
以下便是我自己写的装饰器版的单例写法。
可以看到我们用singleton 这个装饰函数来装饰 User 这个类。装饰器用在类上,并不是很常见,但只要熟悉装饰器的实现过程,就不难以实现对类的装饰。在上面这个例子中,装饰器就只是实现对类实例的生成的控制而已。
其实例化的过程,你可以参考我这里的调试过程,加以理解。
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data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="padding: 18px 15px 20px 10px;background-size: 100% 100%;background-image: url('https://www.zkxjob.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/wxsync-2022-06-a2a8a5e1e58f30392066a170034ee027.png');color: rgb(86, 146, 214);letter-spacing: 1.5px;background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="margin-left: 2px;width: 20px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">点这里,获取一大波福利</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
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