来自 | 知乎 作者 | Superbrother
链接 | https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/81350196
GRAPH ATTENTION NETWORKS的诞生
随着GCN的大红大紫,graph领域的deep learning研究可谓变得风生水起,人工智能又出现了新的网红。GCN在一系列任务取得了突破性进展的同时,一系列的缺点也逐渐被放大。
深度学习三巨头”之一的Yoshua Bengio组提出了Graph Attention Networks(下述简称为GAT)去解决GCN存在的问题并且在不少的任务上都取得了state of art的效果,是graph neural network领域值得关注的工作。
1 聊点基础
登堂入室之前,先介绍三点基础问题。
1.1 Graph数据结构的两种“特征”
当我们说起graph或者network的数据结构,通常是包含着顶点和边的关系。研究目标聚焦在顶点之上,边诉说着顶点之间的关系。
对于任意一个顶点 ,它在图上邻居 ,构成第一种特征,即图的结构关系。
当然,除了图的结构之外,每个顶点还有自己的特征 (通常是一个高维向量)。它可以使社交网络中每个用户的个体属性;可以是生物网络中,每个蛋白质的性质;还可以使交通路网中,每个交叉口的车流量。Graph上的deep learning方法无外乎就是希望学习上面的两种特征。
1.2 GCN的局限性
GCN是处理transductive任务的一把利器(transductive任务是指:训练阶段与测试阶段都基于同样的图结构),然而GCN有两大局限性是经常被诟病的:
(a)无法完成inductive任务,即处理动态图问题。inductive任务是指:训练阶段与测试阶段需要处理的graph不同。通常是训练阶段只是在子图(subgraph)上进行,测试阶段需要处理未知的顶点。(unseen node)
(b)处理有向图的瓶颈,不容易实现分配不同的学习权重给不同的neighbor。
1.3 Mask graph attention or global graph attention
还有一件事件需要提前说清楚:GAT本质上可以有两种运算方式的,这也是原文中作者提到的
-
Global graph attention
-
Mask graph attention
对于顶点 的变换后的特征进行了拼接(concatenate);
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