来自:
https://www.jianshu.com/p/e18e01ad7ad9
前言
PyCon 是全世界最大的以 Python 编程语言 为主题的技术大会,大会由 Python 社区组织,每年举办一次。在 Python 2017 上,Instagram 的工程师们带来了一个有关 Python 在 Instagram 的主题演讲,同时还分享了 Instagram 如何将整个项目运行环境升级到 Python 3 的故事。本文为该次演讲的内容摘要,由 Python 爱好者朱雷撰写。
为什么选择 Python 和 Django
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扩展 Django Models 使其支持 Sharding (一种数据库分片技术)。 -
手动关闭 GC(垃圾回收)来提升 Python 内存管理效率,他们同样也写过一篇博客来说明这件事情:Dismissing Python Garbage Collection at Instagram。 -
在位于不同地理位置的多个数据中心部署整套系统。
Python 语言的优势所在
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专注于定位问题、解决问题 - 而不是工具本身的各种花花绿绿的特性 -
使用那些经过市场验证过的成熟技术方案 - 而不用被工具本身的问题所烦扰 -
用户至上:专注于用户所能看到的新特性,为用户带去价值
At Instagram, our bottleneck is development velocity, not pure code execution.
如何提升运行效率
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开发工具来帮助调优:Instagram 开发了很多涵盖各个层面的工具,来帮助他们进行性能调优以及找到性能瓶颈。 -
使用 C/C++ 来重写部分组件:把那些稳定而且对性能最敏感的组件,使用 C 或 C++ 来重写,比如访问 memcache 的 library。 -
使用 Cython:Cython 也是他们用来提升 Python 效率的法宝之一。
为什么要升级到 Python 3
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新特性:类型注解 Type Annotations
2、性能
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不停机,不能有任何的服务因此不可用 -
不能影响产品新特性的开发
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Instagram 的 Codebase 每天都在频繁更新,在开发 Python 3 分支的过程中,让新分支与现有 master 分支保持同步开销极大,同时极易出错 -
最终将 Python 3 分支这个改动非常多的分支合并回 Master 拥有非常高的风险 -
只有少数几个工程师在 Python 3 分支上专职负责升级工作,其他想帮助迁移工作的工程师无法参与进来
正式迁移到 Python 3
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拒绝引入所有不兼容 Python 3 的新 package -
去掉所有不再使用的 package -
替换那些不兼容 Python 3 的 package
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Instagram 的单元测试没有做到 100% 的代码覆盖率 -
很多第三方模块都使用了 mock 技术,而 mock 的行为与真实的线上服务可能会有所不同
迁移过程的技术问题
ValueError: unsupported pickle protocol: 4
<section style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(238, 238, 238);overflow: auto;border-radius: 3px;line-height: 2em;margin: 1em 5px !important;padding: 1em !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">>>> testdict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}>>> json.dumps(testdict)<br /></span></section>
<section style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(238, 238, 238);overflow: auto;border-radius: 3px;line-height: 2em;margin: 1em 5px !important;padding: 1em !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># Python2'{"a": 1, "c": 3, "b": 2}'# Python 3.5.1'{"c": 3, "b": 2, "a": 1}' # or'{"c": 3, "a": 1, "b": 2}'# Python 3.6'{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}'<br /></span></section>
<section style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(238, 238, 238);overflow: auto;border-radius: 3px;line-height: 2em;margin: 1em 5px !important;padding: 1em !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">>>> json.dumps(testdict, sort_keys=True)'{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}'</span></section>
迁移到 Python 3.6 后的性能提升
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每次请求产生的 CPU 指令数(越低越好) -
每秒能够处理的请求数(越高越好)
<section style="font-size: 14px;background: rgb(238, 238, 238);overflow: auto;border-radius: 3px;line-height: 2em;margin: 1em 5px !important;padding: 1em !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">if uwsgi.opt.get('optimize_mem', None) == 'True': optimize_mem()<br /></span></section>
完美切换
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节约了 12% 的整体 CPU 使用率(Django/uwsgi) -
节约了 30% 的内存使用(celery)
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类型注解:Instagram 的整个 codebase 里已经有 2% 的代码添加上了类型注解,同时他们还开发了一些工具来辅助开发者添加类型提示 -
asyncio:他们在单个接口中利用 asynio 平行的去做多件事情,最终降低了 20-30% 的请求延迟。 -
社区:他们与 Intel 的工程师联合,帮助他们更好的对 CPU 利用率进行调优。同时还开发了很多新的工具,帮助他们进行性能调优
Instagram 带给我们的启示
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Python + Django 的组合完全可以负载用户数以 10 亿记的服务,如果你正准备开始一个项目,放心使用 Python 吧! -
完善的单元测试对于复杂项目是非常有必要的。如果没有那『成千上万的单元测试』。很难想象 Instagram 的迁移项目可以成功进行下去。 -
开发者和同事也是你的产品用户,利用好他们。用他们为你的新特性发布前多一道测试。 -
完全基于主分支的开发流程,可以给你更快的迭代速度。前提是拥有完善的单元测试和持续部署流程。 -
Python 3 是大势所趋,如果你正准备开始一个新项目,无需迟疑,拥抱 Python 3 吧!
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data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(230, 230, 230)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(0, 0, 0)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="margin-left: 2px;caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);width: 20px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15860613985508="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15860613985508="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15860613985508="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356070738="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356070738="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356070738="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15870356071023="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15870356071023="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15870356071023="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882384789136="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882384789136="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882384789136="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15882396318564="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15882396318564="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15882396318564="1" data-darkmode-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(36, 36, 36)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-15900529136199="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-original-color-15900529136199="rgb(51, 51, 51)" data-darkmode-bgimage-15900529136199="1" style="caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;font-size: 15px;">点这里,进菜鸟学PythonB站大本营</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
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